Fundamental Concepts

Arithmetic Mean

The arithmetic mean is a measure that helps identify the typical value in a dataset. It is calculated by summing all available values and dividing the result by the number of values. This yields a single number that represents the general character of the data set. The mean helps determine whether the data is generally high, low, or somewhere in between. It also serves as a useful reference point for comparing different groups, providing a simple and understandable benchmark for interpreting results.
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Median

The median is a measure that indicates the middle value in an ordered dataset. To calculate it, the numbers are arranged in ascending order. If the number of elements is odd, the median is the exact middle value. If the dataset contains an even number of elements, the median is the average of the two central numbers. Because it is not influenced by extreme values, the median provides a reliable measure of central tendency—especially in skewed datasets.
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Confidence Interval for the Mean

A confidence interval for the mean defines a range within which the true population mean is likely to fall, given a specific level of confidence (e.g., 95%). This means that if we repeated the measurement multiple times and calculated the confidence interval each time, the true mean would fall within that range in the given percentage of cases. The interval is based on the sample mean, the variability of the data, and the chosen confidence level. It is a powerful tool for assessing how robust and reliable our conclusions are when drawn from sample data.
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